पाठ का नाम | रैदास- पद |
प्रश्न-1 प्रश्न-2 | निम्न प्रश्नों के उत्तर २-३ पंक्तियों में दे (२ अंक )
निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर ५० से ६०पंक्तियों में लिखिए (५अंक)
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Wednesday, April 28, 2021
Saturday, April 24, 2021
India- Size and Location
INDIA : SIZE AND LOCATION
Q.1) State India’s latitudinal & longitudinal extent as well as the total area ?
Ans.
Latitudinal extent is 80 4’N to 370 6’ N.
Longitudinal extent is 680 7’E to 970 25’ E.
Total area is 3.28 million sq. km.
Q.2) Name the countries which are larger than India?
Ans.
Russia, Canada, USA, China, Brazil and Australia
Q.3) What is the significance of India’s central location?
Ans.
India is a southward extension of Asian Continent.
The trans-Indian Ocean route which connects the country of Europe in west and of East Asia provides a strategic location to India.
The Deccan Plateau protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India establish close contacts with west-Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and East Asia from the eastern coast.
Q.4) Why is 820 30’E taken as the standard meridian of India?
Ans.)
There is a general understanding among the countries of the world to select a standard meridian in multiples of 7 ½0 E and west of prime meridian. It is equal to half an hour.
A country’s standard time is derived from such a central meridian. The minimum difference of time between two consecutive standard meridians should be half an hour.
Another consideration is that a central meridian of a country should pass through as far as possible of its middle point.
Q.5) The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat, but the watches show the same time. Explain.
Ans.)
The sun rises in the east hence; time is ahead by 4 minutes in every meridian from east to west.
Gujarat is located at 680 7’ E and the eastern most point of Arunachal Pradesh is 97o 25’ E.
Thus, the difference is of 2 hours. The local time of 820 30’E is taken as the standard time throughout the country and the watches in the country run according to the time of 820 30’E. It is called as the IST (Indian Standard Time).
It is because of this reason that sun rises 2 hours earlier in the eastern part of Arunachal Pradesh as compared to western Gujarat.
Q.6) What do you know about the size of India?
Ans.)
The land mass of India has an area of 3.28 million sq. km.
India’s total area accounts for about 2.4% of the total geographical area of the world.
It is clear that India is the seventh largest country of the world.
India has a land boundary of about 15,200km.
The total length of the coast line of the mainland including Andaman and Nicobar as well as the Lakshadweep is 7516.6km.
Q.7) Why is the difference between the duration of day and night hardly felt at Kanyakumari unlike Kashmir?
Ans.)
These places do not have the same duration of day and night.
The Circle of Illumination divides the earth into 2 equal halves. The day and nights are therefore of the same duration at the equator.
As Kanyakumari is quite near to the equator, the day-night difference is hardly 1hour there.
But as we move from equator towards the pole the variation in the duration of day-night becomes greater.
It is because of the unequal division of the parallel latitudes by the circle of illumination.
Kashmir is 300 away from the equator and hence feels the difference.
Q.8) What are India’s unique location feature?
Ans.)
India lies completely to the north of equator; hence it is located in the northern hemisphere.
The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India while its southern part faces in the tropical zone. The northern half lies in the sub-tropical zone or warm temperature zone.
India is also situated towards the east of prime meridian.
It lies in the eastern position but also has a central position.
India lies on the worlds largest and the most popular continent Asia.
It also lies at the head of the Indian Ocean. It has the longest coastline in this ocean.
Q.9) What is the location of India in the world?
Ans.
India is favourably located in with Eurasia, Africa and Australia.
It occupies the central position in the eastern hemisphere and forms south central peninsular of Asia.
The Queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.
It also lies at the head of the Indian Ocean. It has the longest coastline in this ocean.
India’s location has many economic advantages. It helps in establishing economic and cultural conflicts with the east as well as west in the ancient times.
It is favourably located on the world’s highway of trade and commerce towards both east and west.
Q.10) Classify the states in 5 group each having common frontiers with…
Ans.
Pakistan - Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir.
China – Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.
Myanmar – Tripura, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram.
Bangladesh – Tripura, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Sikkim.
Nepal – Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam.
Q.11) How has India developed relationship with the world through land routes?
Ans.
The passes across the mountains in the north have provided passages to the ancient travellers.
These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times.
The ideas of Upanishads, Ramayana, Indian numerals, Panchtantra and Decimal system could thus reach many parts of the world.
The spices, muslin and other commodities were exported from India to different countries.
On the other hand the influence of Greek sculpture and their architectural ideas of dome and minarets can be seen in India.
Q.12) “India has a long coastline which is advantageous”. Explain.
Ans.
India has the longest coastline on the Indian Ocean. This long coastline (7,517 km) has given a tremendous boost to India’s maritime trade. Almost 90% of India’s international trade is carried on through sea.
India has this long coastline mainly due to the Deccan peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean and dividing it into two water bodies, viz., the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
India’s central location at the head of the Indian Ocean and its long coastline have much helped in its interaction through the sea. The sea routes passing through the ocean provide easy connectivity to India with the West and the East.
India has developed many major ports on its western and the eastern coasts. Some of them, such as Mumbai, Kochi, Vishakhapatnam etc., have become centres of India’s flourishing shipping industry.
This long coastline on the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal has helped India to establish close maritime contacts in the following ways:
With West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast.
With East Asia and the South-east Asia from the eastern coast.
MAP WORK
The state that shares its boundaries with China, Nepal and Bhutan.
Sikkim
The state which shares its boundary with China and Pakistan.
Jammu and Kashmir
The state with land and sea boundary with Pakistan.
Gujarat
Indian state which shares its boundary with Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Mizoram
Smallest among the states sharing its boundary with Pakistan.
Punjab
Mark the latitude that shows IST.
Mirzapur (820 30’E)
Latitude which divides India into 2 equal halves.
Tropic of Cancer
Southern most point of the mainland of India.
Kanyakumari
Southern most point of India.
Indira Point
Tuesday, April 20, 2021
Monday, April 19, 2021
Thursday, April 15, 2021
अनुच्छेद लेखन
पाठ का नाम
अनुच्छेद लेखन
अनुच्छेद लिखते समय निम्नलिखित बातों को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए -
1) अनुच्छेद लिखने से पहले रूपरेखा, संकेत-बिंदु आदि बनानी चाहिए। (कुछ प्रश्न-पत्रों में पहले से ही रूपरेखा, संकेत-बिंदु आदि दिए जाते हैं। आपको उन्हीं रूपरेखा, संकेत-बिंदु आदि को ध्यान में रखते हुए अनुच्छेद लिखना होता है।)
(2) अनुच्छेद में विषय के किसी एक ही पक्ष का वर्णन करें। (ऐसा इसलिए करना आवश्यक हो जाता है क्योंकि अनुच्छेद में शब्द सिमित होते हैं और हमें अनुच्छेद संक्षेप में लिखना होता है।)
(3) भाषा सरल, स्पष्ट और प्रभावशाली होनी चाहिए। ताकि समीक्षक या पढ़ने वाला आपके अनुच्छेद से प्रभावित हो सके।
(4) एक ही बात को बार-बार न दोहराएँ। क्योंकि एक ही बात को बार-बार दोहराने से आप अपने अनुच्छेद को दिए गए सीमित शब्दों में पूरा नहीं कर पाएँगे और अपने संदेश को लोगों तक नहीं पहुँचा पाएँगे।
(5) अनावश्यक विस्तार से बचें, लेकिन विषय से न हटें। आपको भले ही संक्षेप में अपने अनुच्छेद को पूरा करना है, परन्तु आपको ये भी ध्यान रखना है कि आप अपने विषय से न भटक जाएँ।
(6) शब्द-सीमा को ध्यान में रखकर ही अनुच्छेद लिखें। ऐसा करने से आप अपने अनुच्छेद में ज्यादा-से-ज्यादा महत्वपूर्ण बात लिखने की ओर ध्यान दे पाएँगे।
(7) पूरे अनुच्छेद में एकरूपता होनी चाहिए। ऐसा नहीं होना चाहिए कि कही कोई बात विषय से अलग लगे और पढ़ने वाले का ध्यान विषय से भटक जाए।
(8) विषय से संबंधित सूक्ति अथवा कविता की पंक्तियों का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। इससे आपका अनुच्छेद बहुत अधिक प्रभावशाली और रोचक लगेगा।
(9) अनुच्छेद के अंत में निष्कर्ष समझ में आ जाना चाहिए यानी विषय समझ में आ जाना चाहिए।
अनुच्छेद की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ -
(1) अनुच्छेद किसी एक भाव या विचार या तथ्य को एक बार, एक ही स्थान पर व्यक्त करता है। इसमें अन्य विचार नहीं रहते।
(2) अनुच्छेद के वाक्य-समूह में उद्देश्य की एकता रहती है। अप्रासंगिक बातों को हटा दिया जाता है। केवल बहुत अधिक महत्वपूर्ण बातों को ही अनुच्छेद में रखा जाता है।
(3) अनुच्छेद के सभी वाक्य एक-दूसरे से गठित और सम्बद्ध होते है। वाक्य छोटे तथा एक दुसरे से जुड़े होते हैं।
(4) अनुच्छेद एक स्वतन्त्र और पूर्ण रचना है, जिसका कोई भी वाक्य अनावश्यक नहीं होता।
(5) उच्च कोटि के अनुच्छेद-लेखन में विचारों को इस क्रम में रखा जाता है कि उनका आरम्भ, मध्य और अन्त आसानी से व्यक्त हो जाए और किसी को भी समझने में कोई परेशानी न हो।
(6) अनुच्छेद सामान्यतः छोटा होता है, किन्तु इसकी लघुता या विस्तार विषयवस्तु पर निर्भर करता है। लेखन के संकेत बिंदु के आधार पर विषय का क्रम तैयार करना चाहिए।
(7) अनुच्छेद की भाषा सरल और स्पष्ट होनी चाहिए।
.निम्न में से किसी एक विषय पर अनुच्छेद लिखिए-
1.जीवन में खेलकूद का महत्व (कक्षा-कार्य)
2.समय का सदुपयोग (गृहकार्य)
3.व्यायाम (गृहकार्य)
The Road Not Taken CLASS 9
The Road Not Taken (Poem)
( Notebook work)
I.
Question 1.
Where does the traveller find himself?
What problem does he face?
Answer:
The traveller finds himself at a point where two roads diverge. His problem is to decide on which road he should walk.
Question 2.
Discuss what these phrases mean to you.
a yellow wood
it was grassy and wanted wear
the passing there
leaves no step had trodden black
how way leads on to way
Answer:
A forest in the autumn season.
The road was grassy because it was a less travelled road. It wanted people to move on it.
It implies walking on the road.
It means the leaves had not been crushed under the feet of travellers.
How one road leads to another?
Question 3.
Is there any difference between the two roads as the poet describes them?
in stanzas two and three?
in the last two lines of the poem?
Answer:
There is no difference between the two roads in stanzas two and three
In the last two lines of the poem the poet tells that the road he opted for is less travelled.
Question 4.
What do you think the last two lines of the poem mean? (Looking back, does the poet regret his choice or accept it?)
Answer:
The last two lines have the quintessence of the poem. The poet expresses his opinion that it becomes difficult for a normal human being to change his/her decision. The poet intends to walk on the first road but he couldn’t do so because life does not offer multiple chances to choose. The decision taken may mar one’s future or lead one to success. It makes all the differences. He now repents for not getting a chance to travel on the first road.
Wednesday, April 14, 2021
The French Revolution
French Revolution Notes
Q.1) Give reason as why was National Assembly formed by the people of the third estate?
Ans.
On 5th May 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of the estate general to pass proposal formed taxes.
The Estate General was an ancient assembly consisting of 3 different estates. Each estate would represent a portion of French population.
Voting in the Estate General in the past had been conducted according to the principle that ‘One Estate, One Vote’.
Members of the 3rd Estate demanded that voting should be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member should have one vote.
The King rejected the proposal & the members of 3rd estate walked out of the assembly in protest.
On 20th June at the Tennis Court of Versailles, they declared themselves as National Assembly. They declared not to disperse until they had drafted the constitution for France which would certain the power of Monarch and Estates.
Q.2) What compelled Louis XVI raise taxes in France? Explain any 5 reasons?
Ans.
Upon the accession of Louis XVI he found an empty treasury. Long years of war drained the financial resources of France.
Added to this was the cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense Palace of Versailles.
French Government was obliged to spend an increasing percentage of its budget on interest payments alone.
Regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the estate was forced to increase taxes.
Q.3) What does Subsistence Crisis mean? What lead to subsistence crisis in France?
Ans.
Subsistence crisis means an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered. During the old regime, subsistence crisis frequently occurred in France. The reason that led to subsistence crisis are as follows.
Rise in Population
Increase in demand of food grains.
The price of food stuff rose rapidly.
Most workers were employed as labourers on fixed wages. Their wages could not keep pace with the rising prices.
Gap between poor and rich widened. Poor remained poor, but rich became richer.
Crisis of food grains became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.
Q.4) Who constituted the middle class in French Society? How did they participate in the French revolution. Or Describe/Discuss the role of middle class in French Revolution?
Ans.)
The middle class constituted of the educated and prosperous section of the 3rd Estate. It also included Professionals like Doctors, Lawyers, Teachers and Judges. The rich among them were Bankers, Manufacturers and Businessman, etc. They participated in the French Revolution in the following ways.
They provided the Peasants and the workers the vital leadership to help bring about change in socio-economic order. As they lacked the means and programs to carry out full-scale measures to the 3rd estate who had become prosperous and had excess of education and new ideas.
They believed that no group should be privileged by Birth.
The Middle class was influenced by the Philosophers and wanted to build a society having Freedom, equal laws and opportunities.
They described the ideas of philosophers and read aloud for the uneducated.
Q.5) Who was Maximillian Robespierre? Describe any 4 steps taken by him to bring equality in French Society.
Ans.)
Maximillian Robespierre was the leader of the Jacobin Club.
The period from 1793 - 1794 was referred to as the Reign of Terror. He followed a policy of control and punishment.
All those whom he saw as being enemies of the Republic : ex-nobles & clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them guilty they were guillotined.
His Government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the Government.
Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into Barracks or Offices.
Q.6) Who found the national assembly in France in 1789?
Ans.)
The National Assembly in France was founded by the members of the 3rd estate in 1789. They were led by Mirabeau(noble) and Abbe Sieyes (Clergy).
Q.7) Analyse the role of Philosophers in the French Revolution of 1789?
Ans.)
Three main Philosopher during the time of revolution were :-
John Locke, Jean Jacques, Montesquieu.
In his ‘Two Treaties of Government’, Locke sought to refuse the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the Monarch.
Jean Jacques Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of Government based on a social contract between people and their representatives.
In the ‘Spirit of Laws’, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the Government between Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
The American Constitution and its guarantee of individual rights was an important example of political thinkers in France.
There ideas were discussed intensively in Salon and spread all over the France promoting them.
Q.8) In which book did Rousseau mention the idea of ‘One Person, One Vote’?
Ans.)
Rousseau in his book ‘The Social Contract’ , mentioned the idea of ‘One person, One vote.’
Q.9) On what charges was Louis XVI of France sentenced to death?
Ans.
Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason.
On 21st January 1793, he was executed publicly at the Place ‘De la Concorde’.
The Queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.
Q.10) Explain any 5 economic condition of France that led to Revolution?
Ans.
Louis XVI of Bourbon family ascended the throne in 1774 & found treasury of France to be empty. Long years of war had drained financial resources of France.
Under Louis XVI, 13 colonies of America got independent from common enemy, Britain.
This added a debt of billion livres to already existing 2 billion livres debt.
Add on to this was the maintenance of extravagant court at Palace of Versailles.
Tithes were a tax levied by the church, comprising one-tenth of the agricultural produce
Taille were a Tax to be paid directly to the state.