CLIMATE

 CLIMATE. Questions and answers

Question 1.

The sum total of weather conditions and variation over a large area for a long period of time is referred to as _______ .

Answer:

Climate

Question 2

What are thunder storms called in West Bengal?

Answer:

Thunder storms are called Baisakhi in West Bengal.

Question3

Name the two branches of the monsoon.

Answer:

• The Arabian Sea Branch,

• They Bay of Bengal Branch.

Question4

What do you mean by mango showers?

Answer:

Mango showers are the pre-monsoon showers that takes place on the coast of Kerala and Karnataka. Since they help in the early ripening of mangoes, they are called mango showers.

Question 5

What is the full form of ITCZ?

Answer:

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.

Question6

What do you mean by Coriolis force?

Answer:

An apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. The Coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is also known as Ferrel’s Law.

Question 7

“India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as sub-tropical climates” Discuss.

Answer:

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kuchchh in the west to Mizoram in the east. Amost half of the country, lying south of the Tropic of Cancer, belongs to the tropical area. A1 the remaining area, north, of the Tropic, lies in the sub-tropics. Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical climates.

Question 8

State three dominant characteristics of the Indian monsoon.

Answer:

The Indian monsoon is characterised by the following three dominant features :

• Seasonal reversal of direction in wind system : The monsoon winds blow from land to sea in winter and from sea to land in summer.

• Seasonal heavy rainfall and drought are common features of the Indian monsoon.

• In spite of local variations in climatic conditions, it unites the whole country in a single climatic thread of monsoon.

Question9

What do you mean by Southern Oscillation?

Answer:

Normally when the tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean experiences high pressure, the tropical eastern Indian Ocean experiences low pressure. But in certain years, there is a reversal in the pressure conditions and the eastern Pacific has lower pressure in comparison to the eastern Indian Ocean. This periodic change in pressure conditions is known as the Southern Oscillation.

A feature connected with the SO is the El Nino phenomenon in which a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast, in place of the cold Peruvian current, every 2 to 5 years. The changes in pressure conditions are connected to the El Nino. Hence, the phenomenon is referred to as ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillations).

Question 10

Why do the Western Ghats receive more rainfall than the Eastern Ghats?

Answer:

In terms of relief, the Western Ghats are much higher in comparison to the Eastern Ghats. The Western Ghats are continuous stretches of high mountains.

Therefore, when the moisture-laden Arabian Sea branch of Southwest Monsoon first strikes the Western Ghats, it brings heavy rainfall along the windward side of the Western Ghats. In Eastern Ghats, rain, bearing winds of Southwest Monsoon do not face such orographic barrier and hence-receive much lower amount of rainfall.

Question 11

The coastal areas of India do not register any significant change in temperature even during the winter and summer. Why?

Answer:

The coastal areas of India do not register any significant seasonal changes in temperature due to the following reasons :

(a) The influence of surrounding sea keep them with equable temperature conditions such as the mean monthly temperature of Thiruvananthapuram and Mumbai fluctuates very slightly.

(b) As we know the sea watesrs are reservoirs of the warmth and they get heated and cooled down slowly due to conventional processes of heating and cooling and, hence, they remain warmer in winter and cooler in summer, keeping the coastal areas equable in temperature.

(c) The warm ocean currents, too, keep the coastal areas with almost equable temperature throughout the year.

Question 12

Write a short note on withdrawal or retreat of monsoon.

Answer:

Withdrawal or the retreat of the monsoon is a more gradual process. The withdrawal . of the monsoon begins in northwestern states of India by early September. By mid-October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula. The withdrawal from the southern half of the peninsula is rapid. By early December, the monsoon has withdrawn from the rest of the country.

The islands receive the very first monsoon showers, progressively from south to north, from the last week of April to the first week of May. The withdrawal takes place progressively from north to south from the first week of December to the first week of January. By this time the rest of the country is already under the influence of the winter monsoon.

Question 13

The western part of Rajasthan remains almost dry during southwest monsoon season. Give three reasons in support of this statement.

Answer:

The western part of Rajasthan remains almost dry during south-west monsoon Season because:

• These monsoon winds flow from east, dropping much of its moisture along the path. When they reach Rajasthan, they are almost dry.

• There is no mountain high enough to check the flow of the Arabian Sea branch of monsoon winds. The Aravalli Mountains are not very high.

• The direction of the Aravalli Mountains is parallel to the direction of Arabian Sea

winds. Hence, these winds cross over Rajasthan without giving rainfall.

• The heat of the west Rajasthan desert does not allow the condensation of moisture to take place and hence, no rain is occurs. (Any three)

Question 14.

Distinguish between southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon.

Answer:

Southwest Monsoon Northeast Monsoon

(i) The summer period is marked by the southwest monsoons. (i) The winter period is marked by northeast monsoon.

(ii) The southwest monsoon blow in a southwest direction to the mainland of India from June to September. (ii) The northwest monsoon blow in a north easterly direction across India from mid-November to February

(iii) It blows in India into two branches namely the Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Bengal branch. (iii) It does not possess any branches.

(iv) The southwest monsoon are warm winds. (iv) These are cold winds.

Question 15

What do you mean by El Nino?

Answer:

This is the name given to the periodic development of a warm ocean current along the coast of Peru as a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current.

‘El Nino’ is a Spanish word meaning ‘the child’, and refers to the baby Christ, as this current start flowing during Christmas. The presence of the El Nino leads to an increase in sea-surface temperature and weakening of the trade winds in the region.

Question 16

What are three features of Advancing Monsoon?

Answer:

The three features of Advancing Monsoon are :

• By early June, the low-pressure condition over the northern plains intensifies. It attracts the trade winds of the southern hemisphere.

• These south-east trade winds originate over the warm subtropical areas of the southern oceans. They cross the equator and blow in a south-westerly direction entering the Indian peninsula as the south-west monsoon.

• As these winds blow over warm oceans, they bring abundant moisture to the subcontinent. These winds are strong and blow at an average velocity of 30 km per hour.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 17

Give a brief account of the hot weather season in India.

Answer:

The period between March to May is the hot weather season or summer in India.

The characteristic features of the hot weather season are as follows :

• Due to the apparent northward movement of the sun, the global heat belt shifts northwards.

• The influence of the shifting of the heat belt can be seen clearly from temperature recordings taken during March-May at different latitudes. In March, the highest temperature is about 38° Celsius, recorded on the Deccan plateau.

• In April, temperatures in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat are around 42°C. In May, temperature of 45°C is common in northwestern parts of the country. In temperature remain lower due to the Peninsular India, has moderating to influence of the oceans.

• The summer months experience rising temperature and falling air pressure in the northern part of the country. Towards the end of May, an elongated low-pressure area develops in the region extending from the Thar Desert in the northwest to Patna and Chotanagpur plateau in the east and southeast. Circulation of air begins to set in around this trough.

• Strong, gusty, hot, dry winds, locally called ‘loo’, blow during the day over the north and northwestern India. They may continue until late in the evening.

• Dust storms are common during the month of May in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Eastern Rajasthan and Western Uttar Pradesh. Sometimes, they bring light rain and pleasant cool breeze that provide temporary relief from the heat.

• High temperature during the day causes violent, localised thunderstorms by the evening. These thunderstorms are associated with violent winds, torrential downpours, often accompanied by hail. These storms are known as ‘Kaal Baisakhi’ or calamity of the month of Baisakh in West Bengal. (Any flue)

Question 18

Describe the effect of western cyclonic disturbances on the Indian climate?

Answer:

The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter months brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region.

They affect the climate of India in the following ways :

• By causing cyclonic rainfall in the month of winter, which is otherwise dry, the region of western cyclonic disturbances influence the weather of the north and north-western India.

• These low-pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and Western Asia and move into India, alongwith easterly flow.

• They cause the much-needed winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.

• Although the total amount of winter rainfall, locally known as ‘Mahawat’ is small, it is very useful for rabi crops. These winds are called western cyclonic disturbances since they came from the western part of India.

Question 19

Write a brief account of the conditions and characteristics of the retreating monsoons.

Answer:

The months of October-November mark a period of transition from hot rainy season to cold dry winter conditions. With the apparent movement of the sun southwards, the low-pressure monsoon trough over the Northern Plains weakens and is gradually replaced by a high-pressure system. The low-pressure conditions shift to the Bay of Bengal.

The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. While day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The land is still moist.

As a result, the southwest monsoon winds weaken and start withdrawing gradually from India. By the beginning of October, it withdraws from the Northern Plains. This period is known as the Retreating Monsoon

The Retreating Monsoon season is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. While days are warm, nights are cool and pleasant. High rate of evaporation from the land that is still moist results in high humidity and oppressive weather conditions during the day. This phenomenon is known as ‘October heat’.

The low-pressure conditions, cgyer northwestern India, get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November. This shift is associated with the occurrence of cyclonic depressions, which originate over the Andaman Sea.

The deltas region of the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri are frequently struck by cyclones, which cause great damage to life and property. Sometimes, these cyclones arrive at the coasts of Odisha, West Bengal and Bangladesh. The bulk of the rainfall of the Coromandel Coast is derived from depressions and cyclones.

French lesson 7 notes

 

                                 7. L’argent de poche

Grammaire : -  Les négations

1.      Quelque chose (something) # ne----rien (nothing/ not anything)

Elle mange quelque chose pour le petit déjeuner. (She eats something for the breakfast.)

Elle ne mange rien pour le petit déjeuner. (She eats nothing for breakfast./ she doesn’t eat anything for the breakfast.)

2.     Quelqu’un (somebody/someone) # ne----personne (nobody/ not anybody)

Il regarde quelqu’un à la porte. (He sees somebody at the door.)

Il ne regarde personne à la porte. (He sees nobody at the door./ He doesn’t see anybody at the door.)

3.     Toujours (always), souvent (often) # ne ------ jamais (never)

Ils sortent toujours/souvent.(They go out always/ often.)

Ils ne sortent jamais. (They never go out.)

4.     Déjà (already) # ne ------ pas encore (not yet)

Stella déjà part pour l’école. (Stella already leaves for school.)

Stella ne part pas encore pour l’école. (Stella doesn’t leave yet for school.)

5.     Quelque part (somewhere) # ne ----- nullepart (nowhere/ not anywhere)

M. Vincent va quelquepart pour les vacances. (Mr.Vincent goes somewhere for the vacation.)

M. Vincent ne va nullepart pour les vacances. (Mr. Vincent doesn’t go anywhere for the vacation.

 

6.       Encore (still, yet) # ne -----plus (not anymore, nomore)

Louis parle encore à Denis. (Louis still talks to Denis.)

Louis ne parle plus à Denis. (Louis does not talk to denis anymore.)

7.     ---- et ---- (and/ either or) # ne ----- ni---ni------ (neither – nor)

a)     Tu aimes la glace et le gâteau ? (you like ice cream and cake ?)

Non, je n’aime ni la glace ni le gâteau. ( No, I neither like ice cream nor cake.)

b)    Tu prends de la glace et du gâteau ? (You take the ice cream and the cake ?)

Non, je ne prends ni glace ni gâteau. (No, I take neither ice cream nor cake.)

·        Partitive articles are removed from the sentence while making negation of this type.

8.     Tout(everything) / Quelque chose # Rien ne-----

Tout change. (everything changes.)

Rien ne change. (Nothing changes.)

Quelque chose tombe. (something falls)

Rien ne tombe. (Nothing falls)

9.     Tout le monde (everybody)/ Quelqu’un # Personne ne-----

Tout le monde mange du mal bouffe. (Everone eats junk food.)

Personne ne mange de mal bouffe. (Nobody eats junk food.)

Quelqu’un frappe. (Someone knocks.)

Personne ne frappe. (No one knocks.)

Les pronoms personnels

·        Les pronoms CODs – les pronoms compléments d’objet direct

Me, te, le, la, l’, nous, vous, les

1)    The above CODs replace the direct object from the sentence.They remove the direct object.

2)    They are used in the second place in the sentence. I.e. between the subject and the verb.

e.g.  Il a une voiture. (he has a car.)

In this sentence ‘une voiture’ is a direct object.

It should be replaced by ‘la’. So it becomes ‘ Il la a. two vowels come together so we write ‘Il l’a.’  (He has it.)

e.g.    1) je fais le devoir.          – Je le fais. (I do it)

           2) tu regardes les spectacles.        -  Tu les regardes. ( You watch those.)

3) Il me parle – He talks to me.

4) Il te parle – He talks to you.

5) Il nous parle – He talks to us.

6) Il vous parle – He talks to you.

*  Les pronoms COIDs – les pronoms compléments d’objet indirect

Me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur

1)    The above COIDs replace the indirect object from the sentence. They remove the indirect object.

2)    They are used in the second place. i.e. between the subject and the verb.

3)    Following table shows the common verbs with indirect object

verb	example	Pronom COID
Conseiller à qn – to advise s.o.	Les parents conseillent à leur fils.	Les parents lui conseillent.
Demander à qn – to ask s.o.	Je demande à mon professeur.	Je lui demande.
Dire à qn – to say to s.o.	Il dit à toi.	Il te dit.
Ecrire à qn – to write to s.o.	Elle écrit aux parents.	Elle leur écrit.
Donner à qn – to give to s.o.	Il donne les fleurs à sa sœur.	Il lui donne les fleurs.
Envoyer à qn – to send to s.o.	Elle envoie un cadeau à ses amis.	Elle leur envoie un cadeau.
Obéir à qn – to obey to s.o.	Les étudiants obéissent au professeur.	Les étudiants lui obéissent.
Offrir à qn – to offer to s.o.	Ils offrent des cadeaux à leur ami.	Ils lui offrent un cadeau.
Parler à qn – to talk to s.o.	Nous parlons au directeur.	Nous lui parlons.
Permettre à qn – to permit to s.o.	Je permets à mon fils de regarder le film.	Je lui permets de regarder le film.
Proposer à qn – to suggest to s.o.	Il propose aux amis d’aller au cinéma.	Il leur propose d’aller au cinéma.
Raconter à qn – to recite/tell s.o.	Je raconte mon voyage à mes parents.	Je leur raconte mon voyage.
Répondre à qn – to respond/answer to s.o.	L’étudiant répond au professeur.	L’étudiant lui répond.
Téléphoner à qn – to call s.o.	Il téléphone à ses amis.	Il leur téléphone.

 

Please note that all the above verbs are followed by a preposition ‘à’ so the object is called indirect object.

 

To use CODs/COIDs in negative sentence.

Je ne le fais pas. -  I don’t do it.

To use CODs/COIDs in imperative aff/neg

Téléphone à ton ami! – Téléphone – lui !

Ne téléphone pas à ton ami ! – Ne lui téléphone pas !

 

Les pronoms sujets – the pronouns used for subjects are following.

Je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles

e.g.  1) M. Lavigne apporte un parapluie.   -   Il apporte un parapluie.

          2) Hélène joue avec sa poupée. – Elle joue avec sa poupée.

          3) Les arbres sont grands.  ---- Ils sont grands.

          4) Les feuilles jaunissent. – Elles jaunissent.

            * Les  adjectifs interrogatifs –  They are used to ask questions. They mean ‘which or what’

                                  1)  Quel – masc.sing. noun

                                   Quel manteau aimes-tu?

2)Quelle – fem.sing.noun

Quelle couleur aimes-tu?

3)Quels – masc.plural.noun

Quels restaurants sont bons dans la ville ?

4)    Quelles – fem. Plural.noun

Quelles sont les saisons de l’année ?

Culture et civilization –

1.     Les enfants reçoivent de l’argent de poche – régulièrement, pour les fêtes, pour les anniversaires, pour les bonnes notes aux examens

2.     Qu’est-ce que les enfants font avec leur argent de poche ?

Ils vont aux cafés avec des amis , ils vont au cinéma, achètent les cadeaux pour les amis, achètent des DVDs, BDs etc., économisent de l’argent.

3.     Qu’est-ce que les enfants font pour gagner l’argent de poche ?

Ils font les petits boulots comme laver les voitures, faire du baby sitting,promener les chiens des voisins, aider aux voisins à faire le ménage.

4.     En France les enfants de moins de 16 ans n’ont pas le droit de travailler.

5.     Pour ouvrir un compte sur livret à la banque ou à la poste il faut – * une carte d’identité

   *l’autorisation des parents

   *un premier versement de 50 euros.

6.  Avec la Carte Junior on peut retirer de l’argent  du distributeur.