ECONOMICS: POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE Q/A

French lesson 8 notes

 

                                                       8. Faire des ahats

Grammaire –

·        Le pronom partitif “en”

·        It is used to replace nouns with partitive articles.

e.g. Il mange des escargots. – Il en mange. (he eats it.)

        Elle boit du lait. ----------- Elle en boit. (She drinks it)

·        It is used to replace number adjectives.

e.g. J’ai quatre stylos. ----- J’en ai. (I have them/it.)

·        It is used to replace nouns with les adverbs de quantité

e.g. Tu prends beaucoup de vin.

Tu en prends beaucoup. ( you drink it a lot)

·         It is used to replace ‘de/d’/du/des/de la + name of a place/city/country’

e.g. Ils viennent des Etats- Unis. --- Ils en viennent.(They come from there).

        Je viens de la piscine.  ------ J’en viens.

·        In negation --- Il n’en mange pas.

                          Elle n’en boit pas.                   

                          Je n’en ai pas.

                           Tu n’en prends pas beaucoup.

                            Je n’en viens pas.

·        Les expressions de quantité –

1.     Un peu de – a little/a small/a few

2.     Beaucoup de – a lot of/many/much

3.     Assez de – enough

4.     Trop de – too much

5.     Peu de – little/few

6.     Quelques – some

7.     Combien de – how many

·        Le conditionnel de politesse (present) – It is used to express the politeness in the conversation.

·        Formation – Take the futur radical of the verb and add the endings of l’imparfait

·        Radicle of futur + ais/ais/ait/ions/iez/aient

·        E.g. aimer – radical is ‘aimer’

J’aimerais – I would like

Tu aimerais – you would like

Il/elle/on aimerait – he/she/everyone would like

Nous aimerions – we would like

Vous aimeriez – you would like

Ils/elles aimeraient – they would like

·        Culture and civilization –

Les magasins

Le magasin	Les produits
Une boulangerie	Le pain, les croissants, le pain au chocolat, la bagauette
Une épicerie	Le café, le thé, l’eau minérale,la farine, le sucre, le sel
Une boucherie(raw meat mainly of cattle)	Les biftecks(steak – beef in thick slices/cow meat), les côtelettes ( chops), la viande de veau(calf), de bœuf(beef),et de mouton(sheep),
Une charcuterie (baked/salted meat)	Le porc, les saucisses(meat pieces), le jambon (ham - pigleg)
Une pâtisserie	La tarte aux pommes
Une fromagerie	Un camembert,le gruyère
Une crèmerie	Le lait, les œufs, le beurre
Une papiterie	Les cahiers, les livres, les stylos, les crayons
Un marché	Les fruits et le légumes

 

Les fruits	Les légumes
Une pomme – apple	Un épinard – spinach
Une banane – banana	Une tomate – tomato
Un raisin – grape	Une pomme de terre – potato
Un ananas- pinapple	Une aubergine – brinjal
Une prûne – a plum	Un oignon – onion
Une cerise - cherry	Une carotte – carrot
Une fraise - strawberry	Un chou – cabbage
Une poire – pear	Un chou-fleur – cauliflower
Une mangue – mango	Un concombre – cucumber
Une pastèque - watermelon	Un poivron vert – capcicum
Un citron – sweet lime	Un potiron – pumpkin
Une goyave – guava	Un haricot vert – french beans
Une pêche – peach	Un radis – raddish
Une orange - orange	Une petit pois – green pea
	Un maïs – maize
	Un brocoli
	Une courgette - squash

 

 

 Question and Answers- Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Std: 9 Geo- Natural vegetation and wildlife

.
Q1.Why does India possess a great variety of flora and fauna?

Answer:

Different types of soil: India has almost all major types of soils. It has alluvial soil which is very fertile, black soil, laterite soil, desert and mountain soil. The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet, marshy deltic soils support mangroves and deltic vegetation.

Different climatic conditions: Different climatic conditions prevail in India. At some places, the temperature is at 55°C and at other,
it is about – 45°C. So it supports all types of plants. Some places receive a rainfall of more than 1000 cm, and some receive only 50 cm. This also helps in growing different type of plants.

Sunlight: Sunlight is one of the important factors responsible for the growth of vegetation. Due to the longer duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in most parts of India.

Precipitation: Precipitation also plays a vital role in the growth of different types of vegetation. Tropical rainforests are found in the Western Ghats due to heavy rainfall.

Q2. The mountainous region of India exhibits a succession of natural vegetation belts from tropical to tundra types, all compressed into an altitude of six kilometres or so”. Elaborate the above statement with four examples from different altitudinal belts.
Or
Describe the major vegetation zones of the Himalayan region.

Answer:

1.In the Himalayan region of our country, the vegetation differs according to the height.

2. In the foothill, (the Shiwalik) are tropical deciduous forests. ‘Sal’ is the most important species of economic significance.

3. The zone with altitude 1000 m – 2000 m consists of evergreen forests. Beech, chestnut, oak, ash, etc., are the main trees. These at a higher altitude are replaced by ‘chir’ and ‘chil’.

4. The zone between 1500m – 3000 m includes pine, cedar, silver fir and spruce. They are the famous coniferous trees, typical of the dry temperate region found in the inner Himalayan region.

5. At the height of 3600 m or more, shrubs, scrubs, and grasses of alpine variety are found.

Q3. Distinguish between the moist and dry deciduous forests.
Answer:

Moist Deciduous Forests	Dry Deciduous Forests
1. These are found in areas receiving annual rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm.	1. These forests are found in areas receiving annual rainfall between 70 cm and 100 cm.
2. Trees found in these forests are teak, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair and bamboos.	2. There are open stretches in which, teak, sal, peepal, neem, etc. grow.
3. These forests are generally found in Jharkhand, West Odisha, Chhattisgarh and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.	3. These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar.

 

Q4. How do the forests play both a productive and protective role?
Answer:
Productive Role of Forests :

a.The forests supply us wood, pulp, cellulose, packaging material etc. to run a number of industries like paper industry, packaging industry etc.

b.We obtain a number of consumer goods like fuel wood, timber, medicinal herbs, resins, gums, lac and honey from our forests.

c.Forests control the wind force and temperature and cause rainfall.

Protective Role of Forests :

a. Forests help in maintaining the ecological balance and providing pollution free air.

b. These help in checking soil erosion and raising the water table which is receding presently at a faster rate.

c. These provide humus to the soil and make it fertile.

d. These provide manure to the plants as their leaves and stems after they die, decompose in a natural way.

Q5. What are the different steps taken by the government to protect flora and fauna?
Answer:
The different steps taken by the government to protect flora and fauna are :

1.Eighteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora fauna.

2.The Sunderbans in the West Bengal, Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand, the Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu and the Nilgiris have been included in the world network of biosphere reserves.

3.Financial and technical assistance is provided to many botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

4.Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced by the government.

5. 103 National Parks, 535 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological Gardens are set up to take care of natural heritage.

Q6. Give a brief description of Tropical Evergreen Forests.
Answer:
1. Tropical Evergreen Forests are found in areas receiving heavy rainfall of over 200 cm, well-distributed throughout the year. They are also known as rainforests.
2. The warm, wet climate throughout the year supports luxuriant vegetation of all kinds including trees, shrubs and creepers.
3. The trees grow very tall, reaching a height of 60 metres or even above. As the trees grow very close to each other, they form a thick canopy. The different types of vegetation form a multilayered structure.
4. The climate supports a large number of broad-leaved trees of different species. Ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber, cinchona, etc. are commercially important trees.
5. These trees do not shed their leaves at the same time as there is no distinct dry season.
6. This makes the forests evergreen as they retain their green look throughout the year.

Q7. Define natural vegetation or virgin vegetation.
Answer:
Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed as virgin vegetation.

 

 

Q8. Distinguish between extinct and endangered species.

Answer:

Extinct Species	Endangered Species
(i) Extinct species are those species flora and fauna which are no more surviving.	(i) Endangered species are those species of flora and fauna which are in the danger of extinction.
(ii) Even after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur, they are no more found.	(ii) They have declined in number at an alarming rate. If the negative factors that have reduced their number is not checked, their survival is difficult.
(iii) Asiatic Cheetah and pink-head duck are extinct in India. Dodo and dinosaurs are extinct from the entire earth.	(iii) Black buck, Indian rhino, Indian wild ass, Sangai and Indian tiger are endangered species throughout the world.

 

Q9. Describe how India is one of the Indian mega bio-diversity countries of the world.
Answer:

1.Our country is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity countries of the world. With about 47,000 plant species India occupies tenth place in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity.

2. There are about 15,000 flowering plants in India which account for 6 percent in the world’s total number of flowering plants.

3. The country has many non-flowering plants such as ferns, algae and fungi.

4. India also has approximately 90,000 species of animals as well as rich variety of fish in its fresh and marine waters.

5. The country has about 2,000 species of birds and 2,546 species of fish. It shares between 5 and 8 percent of world is amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

 

Q10. Why is bio-diversity necessary and why should it be conserved?
OR
Why according to you flora and fauna should be conserved?
Answer:

Bio-diversity describes the whole range of the different varieties of living things and systems on the earth.

Bio-diversity can be found everywhere. It includes animal species, plant species, genes, ecosystems and landscapes.

Bio-diversity is very much needed and must be conserved. High biodiversity indicates the richness of a place. They help in maintaining the environment best suited for living. The more plant, insect and animal species there are in one area the greater the biodiversity and the healthier the ecosystem.

 

Q11. The vegetation of an area is dependent on various factors. Discuss.

Answer:

 The vegetation of any area is dependent on the following factors:

a) Relief features

Land: The type of vegetation depends on the land. Fertile land is best suited to agriculture. Rough and rugged lands are turned into grazing grasslands.

Soil: Different types of soil support different vegetations. Dry soils support thorny vegetation while swampy and marshy soils support deltaic vegetation. The soil in mountainous areas supports alpine vegetation.

b) Climatic Factor

Temperature: The vegetation is influenced by temperature and humidity. As the temperature falls with elevation, the vegetation changes from tropical to subtropical to temperate.

Photoperiod: Photoperiod is the time duration for which the sunlight is available. It varies with latitude, altitude, season, and duration of the day. Trees grow faster in summers due to the longer exposure to sunlight.

Precipitation: Higher precipitation ensures more thick vegetation and vice versa. The areas of low rainfall have low vegetative cover as opposed to the thick forests in areas of high rainfall.

 

Q12. Distinguish between Tropical Evergreen forest and Tropical Decidious forest.

Answer:

Tropical Evergreen forest	Tropical Decidious forest
These are also known as Rain forest	These are also known as Monsoon forest.
Since the region is warm and wet through the year, there is no definite time for the trees to shed their leaves.	The trees shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summers.
Examples: ebony, mahogany, rubber, rosewood	Examples: teak, bamboo, sandlewood, peepal, neem
Common animals found in these forests are elephants and monkeys	Common animals found in these forests are lions and tigers.
Present in areas receiving more than 200 cm rainfall	Present in areas receiving rainfall between 200cm and 70cm

 

CLIMATE

 CLIMATE. Questions and answers

Question 1.

The sum total of weather conditions and variation over a large area for a long period of time is referred to as _______ .

Answer:

Climate

Question 2

What are thunder storms called in West Bengal?

Answer:

Thunder storms are called Baisakhi in West Bengal.

Question3

Name the two branches of the monsoon.

Answer:

• The Arabian Sea Branch,

• They Bay of Bengal Branch.

Question4

What do you mean by mango showers?

Answer:

Mango showers are the pre-monsoon showers that takes place on the coast of Kerala and Karnataka. Since they help in the early ripening of mangoes, they are called mango showers.

Question 5

What is the full form of ITCZ?

Answer:

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.

Question6

What do you mean by Coriolis force?

Answer:

An apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. The Coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is also known as Ferrel’s Law.

Question 7

“India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as sub-tropical climates” Discuss.

Answer:

The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kuchchh in the west to Mizoram in the east. Amost half of the country, lying south of the Tropic of Cancer, belongs to the tropical area. A1 the remaining area, north, of the Tropic, lies in the sub-tropics. Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical climates.

Question 8

State three dominant characteristics of the Indian monsoon.

Answer:

The Indian monsoon is characterised by the following three dominant features :

• Seasonal reversal of direction in wind system : The monsoon winds blow from land to sea in winter and from sea to land in summer.

• Seasonal heavy rainfall and drought are common features of the Indian monsoon.

• In spite of local variations in climatic conditions, it unites the whole country in a single climatic thread of monsoon.

Question9

What do you mean by Southern Oscillation?

Answer:

Normally when the tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean experiences high pressure, the tropical eastern Indian Ocean experiences low pressure. But in certain years, there is a reversal in the pressure conditions and the eastern Pacific has lower pressure in comparison to the eastern Indian Ocean. This periodic change in pressure conditions is known as the Southern Oscillation.

A feature connected with the SO is the El Nino phenomenon in which a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast, in place of the cold Peruvian current, every 2 to 5 years. The changes in pressure conditions are connected to the El Nino. Hence, the phenomenon is referred to as ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillations).

Question 10

Why do the Western Ghats receive more rainfall than the Eastern Ghats?

Answer:

In terms of relief, the Western Ghats are much higher in comparison to the Eastern Ghats. The Western Ghats are continuous stretches of high mountains.

Therefore, when the moisture-laden Arabian Sea branch of Southwest Monsoon first strikes the Western Ghats, it brings heavy rainfall along the windward side of the Western Ghats. In Eastern Ghats, rain, bearing winds of Southwest Monsoon do not face such orographic barrier and hence-receive much lower amount of rainfall.

Question 11

The coastal areas of India do not register any significant change in temperature even during the winter and summer. Why?

Answer:

The coastal areas of India do not register any significant seasonal changes in temperature due to the following reasons :

(a) The influence of surrounding sea keep them with equable temperature conditions such as the mean monthly temperature of Thiruvananthapuram and Mumbai fluctuates very slightly.

(b) As we know the sea watesrs are reservoirs of the warmth and they get heated and cooled down slowly due to conventional processes of heating and cooling and, hence, they remain warmer in winter and cooler in summer, keeping the coastal areas equable in temperature.

(c) The warm ocean currents, too, keep the coastal areas with almost equable temperature throughout the year.

Question 12

Write a short note on withdrawal or retreat of monsoon.

Answer:

Withdrawal or the retreat of the monsoon is a more gradual process. The withdrawal . of the monsoon begins in northwestern states of India by early September. By mid-October, it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula. The withdrawal from the southern half of the peninsula is rapid. By early December, the monsoon has withdrawn from the rest of the country.

The islands receive the very first monsoon showers, progressively from south to north, from the last week of April to the first week of May. The withdrawal takes place progressively from north to south from the first week of December to the first week of January. By this time the rest of the country is already under the influence of the winter monsoon.

Question 13

The western part of Rajasthan remains almost dry during southwest monsoon season. Give three reasons in support of this statement.

Answer:

The western part of Rajasthan remains almost dry during south-west monsoon Season because:

• These monsoon winds flow from east, dropping much of its moisture along the path. When they reach Rajasthan, they are almost dry.

• There is no mountain high enough to check the flow of the Arabian Sea branch of monsoon winds. The Aravalli Mountains are not very high.

• The direction of the Aravalli Mountains is parallel to the direction of Arabian Sea

winds. Hence, these winds cross over Rajasthan without giving rainfall.

• The heat of the west Rajasthan desert does not allow the condensation of moisture to take place and hence, no rain is occurs. (Any three)

Question 14.

Distinguish between southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon.

Answer:

Southwest Monsoon Northeast Monsoon

(i) The summer period is marked by the southwest monsoons. (i) The winter period is marked by northeast monsoon.

(ii) The southwest monsoon blow in a southwest direction to the mainland of India from June to September. (ii) The northwest monsoon blow in a north easterly direction across India from mid-November to February

(iii) It blows in India into two branches namely the Arabian Sea branch and Bay of Bengal branch. (iii) It does not possess any branches.

(iv) The southwest monsoon are warm winds. (iv) These are cold winds.

Question 15

What do you mean by El Nino?

Answer:

This is the name given to the periodic development of a warm ocean current along the coast of Peru as a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current.

‘El Nino’ is a Spanish word meaning ‘the child’, and refers to the baby Christ, as this current start flowing during Christmas. The presence of the El Nino leads to an increase in sea-surface temperature and weakening of the trade winds in the region.

Question 16

What are three features of Advancing Monsoon?

Answer:

The three features of Advancing Monsoon are :

• By early June, the low-pressure condition over the northern plains intensifies. It attracts the trade winds of the southern hemisphere.

• These south-east trade winds originate over the warm subtropical areas of the southern oceans. They cross the equator and blow in a south-westerly direction entering the Indian peninsula as the south-west monsoon.

• As these winds blow over warm oceans, they bring abundant moisture to the subcontinent. These winds are strong and blow at an average velocity of 30 km per hour.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 17

Give a brief account of the hot weather season in India.

Answer:

The period between March to May is the hot weather season or summer in India.

The characteristic features of the hot weather season are as follows :

• Due to the apparent northward movement of the sun, the global heat belt shifts northwards.

• The influence of the shifting of the heat belt can be seen clearly from temperature recordings taken during March-May at different latitudes. In March, the highest temperature is about 38° Celsius, recorded on the Deccan plateau.

• In April, temperatures in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat are around 42°C. In May, temperature of 45°C is common in northwestern parts of the country. In temperature remain lower due to the Peninsular India, has moderating to influence of the oceans.

• The summer months experience rising temperature and falling air pressure in the northern part of the country. Towards the end of May, an elongated low-pressure area develops in the region extending from the Thar Desert in the northwest to Patna and Chotanagpur plateau in the east and southeast. Circulation of air begins to set in around this trough.

• Strong, gusty, hot, dry winds, locally called ‘loo’, blow during the day over the north and northwestern India. They may continue until late in the evening.

• Dust storms are common during the month of May in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Eastern Rajasthan and Western Uttar Pradesh. Sometimes, they bring light rain and pleasant cool breeze that provide temporary relief from the heat.

• High temperature during the day causes violent, localised thunderstorms by the evening. These thunderstorms are associated with violent winds, torrential downpours, often accompanied by hail. These storms are known as ‘Kaal Baisakhi’ or calamity of the month of Baisakh in West Bengal. (Any flue)

Question 18

Describe the effect of western cyclonic disturbances on the Indian climate?

Answer:

The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter months brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region.

They affect the climate of India in the following ways :

• By causing cyclonic rainfall in the month of winter, which is otherwise dry, the region of western cyclonic disturbances influence the weather of the north and north-western India.

• These low-pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and Western Asia and move into India, alongwith easterly flow.

• They cause the much-needed winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.

• Although the total amount of winter rainfall, locally known as ‘Mahawat’ is small, it is very useful for rabi crops. These winds are called western cyclonic disturbances since they came from the western part of India.

Question 19

Write a brief account of the conditions and characteristics of the retreating monsoons.

Answer:

The months of October-November mark a period of transition from hot rainy season to cold dry winter conditions. With the apparent movement of the sun southwards, the low-pressure monsoon trough over the Northern Plains weakens and is gradually replaced by a high-pressure system. The low-pressure conditions shift to the Bay of Bengal.

The retreat of the monsoon is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. While day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The land is still moist.

As a result, the southwest monsoon winds weaken and start withdrawing gradually from India. By the beginning of October, it withdraws from the Northern Plains. This period is known as the Retreating Monsoon

The Retreating Monsoon season is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature. While days are warm, nights are cool and pleasant. High rate of evaporation from the land that is still moist results in high humidity and oppressive weather conditions during the day. This phenomenon is known as ‘October heat’.

The low-pressure conditions, cgyer northwestern India, get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November. This shift is associated with the occurrence of cyclonic depressions, which originate over the Andaman Sea.

The deltas region of the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri are frequently struck by cyclones, which cause great damage to life and property. Sometimes, these cyclones arrive at the coasts of Odisha, West Bengal and Bangladesh. The bulk of the rainfall of the Coromandel Coast is derived from depressions and cyclones.