1.
What is Classification
grouping of different types of organisms based upon
similarities in structure and evolutionary relationships
2.
EXPLAIN BIONOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
- Carolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature
- (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
- ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo sapiens
- Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is the species name
- Both have to be printed in italics or underlined
- -Genus is ALWAYS capitalized
3.
NAME THE 5 KINGDOMS:
- Monera
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
Q4. The Five Kingdom
classification of living organisms :-
Draw
chart from text book
Q5. EXPLAIN FEATURES OF ALL 5 KINGDOM
i)
Monera :-
They are mostly prokaryotic,
unicellular, do not have a definite nucleus, may or may not have cell wall, and
the mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Eg :- Bacteria,Blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria,Mycoplasma etc.
ii) Protista :- They
are eukaryotic, unicellular, mostly aquatic, some have cilia or flagella which help them in moving and the
mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Eg :- Algae, Diatoms,
Protozoans etc.
iii) Fungi :- They
are eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular. They do not have chlorophyll and
cannot prepare their own food and are heterotrophs. They use decaying organic
matter as food and so are called saprophytes. Some of them live in association
with algae. They are called lichens.
Eg :- Yeast, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Agaricus, Lichens etc.
iv) Plante (Plants) :- They
are multicellular eukaryotes having
cell walls.
They use chlorophyll for
photosynthesis.
All plants are included in this group.
They are divided into five
groups. They are :-
Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
v) Animalia (Animals) :- They
include all organisms which are multicellular, eukaryotes, without chlorophyll
and cell walls.
They are heterotrophs.
They are divided into ten groups. They are :-
Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,
Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca,
Echinodermata, Protochordata,
and Vertebrata.
Q6. How are plants classified ?
§ Ans;
The first level of classification among plants depend on whether the plant has
well differentiated, distinct components.
§ The
next level of classification is based on whether plant body has special tissue
for transport of water and other substances.
§ Further
classification looks the ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds are
enclosed within fruits.
Q7. Explain Classification of plants (Plantae) :-
Plants are divided into five
groups. They are :-
i)
Thallophyta ii) Bryophyta
iii) Pteridophyta iv) Angiosperms
v) Gymnosperms
i) Thallophyta :-
In this group the plants do
not have well differentiated body parts. The plants are called algae. They are
mostly aquatic. Eg :- Spirogyra,
Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara etc.
ii)
Bryophyta :-
In this group the plant
body is differentiated into stem and leaf like structures but there are no
specialised structures for the conduction of water and other substances from
one part of the plant body to the other. These plants are called the amphibians
of the plant kingdom.
Eg :- Moss (Funaria), Marchantia, Riccia etc.
iii)
Pteridophyta :-
In this group the plant
body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has vascular tissue for
conducting water and other substances from one part of the plant body to the
other. Eg :- Ferns, Marsilea etc.
iv)
Gymnosperms (Cryptogams) :-
The plants of this group
bear naked seeds (gymno – means naked and sperma means seed). They are usually
perinneal, evergreen and woody.
Eg :- Pines (Pinus), Cycas etc.
v)
Angiosperms (Phanerogams) :-
The plants of
this group bears covered seeds (angio – means covered and sperma – means seed).
• the seeds develop inside an organ which is
modified to become a fruit. These are also called flowering plants.
• The
plant embryo in the seed have cotyledons.
• Cotyledons
are called seed leaves because in many instances they emerge and become green
when he seed germinates.
• Thus
cotyledons represent a bit of pre designed plant in the seed.
• Angiosperms
are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons. Plants
with seeds having single cotyledon are called monocots. Eg :- rice, wheat,
maize etc. green gram, peas, tamarind etc. Plants with seeds having two
cotyledons are called dicots. Eg :- green gram, peas, tamarind etc
• Note
draw the chart to classify plants from the text book.
Q8. Write characters of all the phylum of Kingdom
Animalia
- multi-cellular organisms which ingest their food – HETEROTROPHS
- they are eukaryotic and multicellular.
- They do not have cellwall
1. Porifera
- Porifera means animal with holes
- They look like plants but they are animals.
- They stay fixed in one place.(non motile)
- Their bodies are full of holes and their skeleton is made of spiky fibers.
- Water flows through the holes of their body which enables them to catch food
- Commonly called sponge and are marine in habitat.
Eg :-Spongila, Sycon, Euplectelia ,Sponges etc.
2.
Coelenterata
•
Aquatic animals .
•
There is a cavity in the body.
•
The body is made up of two layers of cell
•
One makes the outer body and the other makes
the inner lining of the body.
•
Some of them lives in colonies( coral) some like independent life span (hydra)
EG. Corals, Hydras, and Jellyfish
3.
Platyhelminthes
•
There body is more complex then previous two.
•
Their body is bilaterally symmetrical.
•
There are three layers of cells so called
triploblastic.
•
There is some degree of tissue formation
•
There body is flatterned dorsoventrally so
called flatworms. Eg Planaria. Liverfluke etc.
Eg: Flatworms, liverfluke, planaria, tapeworm
4. Nematoda
- Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
- Body is cylindrical
- They Have long thin round worm like bodies
- There are tissues, but no real organs
- Psuedocoelom is present
- Have bodies with no segments
- Worm causing elephantiasis( filarial worms ) and round worms in intestine
- Eg Ascaris, Wuchereia
5.
Annelida :-
Their body is bilaterally symmetrical and
triploblastic.
They have true
body cavity.
Their body is
segmented, from head to tail
There is
differentiation of organs.
They are found in
water and on land.
Eg :- Earthworm,
Nereis, Leech etc.
6. Arthropods
- Largest group of animals. Bilaterally symmetrical and Have lots of legs and segmented bodies.
- Open circulatory system so blood do not flow in vessels
Coelom
cavity is filled with blood
Eg:
centipedes, millipedes,crab,scorpio,insects,spider, etc
7.
Mollusca
Bilaterly symmetrical, coelomic cavity reduced
There is little segmentation.
Open circulatory system and kidney like organ found
Foot that help in locomotion
eg. Chiton,snail, octopus,pila, unio
Bilaterly symmetrical, coelomic cavity reduced
There is little segmentation.
Open circulatory system and kidney like organ found
Foot that help in locomotion
eg. Chiton,snail, octopus,pila, unio
8. Echinoderms
- Echinos –hedgehog and derma- skin
- Have spiny outer covering
- Triploblastic and have coelomic
cavity,
free living marine.
- Peculiar water driven tube system
- Skeleton made up of hard calcium carbonate.
- eg. Antedon (feather star) , sea urchin
9.
Protochordata :-
They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.
The have coelomic
cavity.
The have a
notochord which is a long rod-like structure
along its back to
which muscles are attached and help in
movement.
Notochord may not be present in all stages of life or entire length
Eg :-
Balanoglossus, Amphioxus, Herdemania etc.
10 . Vertebrata :- (Vertebrates)
•
They have vertebral column and internal
skeleton.
•
They
have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.
•
They
have coelomic cavity.
•
Their
body is differentiated into tissues and organs.
•
Their
body consists of four regions – head, neck, trunk
and tail.
•
They
have two pairs of fins or limbs.
•
The
respiration in aquatic forms is by gills and in land
forms respiration
is by lungs
•
The
sexes are separate.
•
All chordates have followng features
•
Have notochord
•
Have dorsal nerve cord
•
Are tiploblastic
•
Have paired gill pouches
•
Are coelomate
•
Vertebrates are grouped into five classes.
They are :-
•
Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and
Mamalia.
i)
Pisces :- (Fishes)
They are fishes living in
water. Their skin is covered with scales or plates They respire using gills.
They have streamlined body and fins which help them to move in water. They are
cold blooded and their heart has only two chambers. They lay eggs from which
the young ones hatch out.
Some fishes have skeleton made
of cartilage like Sharks, Rays etc. and some have skeleton made of bones and
cartilage like Tuna, Rohu etc.
ii)
Amphibia :- (Amphibians)
They are found in land and water. They do not
have scales but have mucous glands on their skin. They are cold blooded and the
heart is three chambered. Respiration is through gills or lungs. They lay eggs
in water.
Eg :- Frogs, Toads,
Salamanders etc.
iii)
Reptilia :-(Reptiles)
They have scales and breathe
through lungs. They are cold blooded. Most of them have three chambered heart
but crocodiles have four chambered heart. They lay eggs with hard covering in
water.
Eg :- Snakes, Turtles, Lizards,
Crocodiles etc.
iv)
Aves :- (Birds)
They are warm blooded
animals. They have four chambered heart. They breathe through lungs. They have
an outer covering of feathers. Their two fore limbs are modified into wings for
flying. They lay eggs.
Eg :- Crow, sparrow, Pigeon,
Duck, Stork, Ostrich etc.
v)
Mammalia :- (Mammals)
They are warm blooded
animals. They have four chambered heart. They have mammary glands for
production of milk to nourish their young ones. The skin has hairs and sweat
glands. Most of them give birth to their young ones. Some of them lay eggs
(like Platypus and Echidna).
Eg :- Cat, Rat, Dog, Lion,
Tiger, Whale, Bat, Humans etc.
Note : draw the flow chart from text book