NOTE BOOK WORK OF DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISM

1.       What is Classification

grouping of different types of organisms based upon similarities in structure and evolutionary relationships 

2.       EXPLAIN  BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Carolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature
•  (2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
• ex.  scientific name of humans ..... Homo sapiens
• Homo is the genus name   .... sapiens is the species name
• Both have to be printed in italics or underlined
• -Genus is ALWAYS capitalized
•  

3.       NAME THE 5 KINGDOMS:

1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia 
6.  

Q4. The Five Kingdom classification of living organisms :-

                 Draw chart from text book

Q5. EXPLAIN FEATURES OF ALL 5 KINGDOM

i)                    Monera :-

   They are mostly prokaryotic, unicellular, do not have a definite nucleus, may or may not have cell wall, and the mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Eg :- Bacteria,Blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria,Mycoplasma etc.

ii) Protista :-    They are eukaryotic, unicellular, mostly aquatic, some have cilia or  flagella which help them in moving and the mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

  Eg :- Algae, Diatoms, Protozoans etc.

iii) Fungi :-      They are eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular. They do not have chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food and are heterotrophs. They use decaying organic matter as food and so are called saprophytes. Some of them live in association with algae. They are called lichens.

Eg :- Yeast, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Agaricus, Lichens etc.

iv) Plante (Plants) :- They are multicellular eukaryotes having

cell walls.

They  use chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

All plants are included in this group.

 They are divided into five groups. They are :-

Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta,

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

                

v) Animalia (Animals) :- They include all organisms which are multicellular, eukaryotes, without chlorophyll and cell walls.

They are heterotrophs.

They are divided into ten groups. They are :-

Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda,

 Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca,

 Echinodermata, Protochordata, and Vertebrata.                      

      

Q6. How are plants classified ?

§  Ans; The first level of classification among plants depend on whether the plant has well differentiated, distinct components.

§  The next level of classification is based on whether plant body has special tissue for  transport of water and other substances.

§  Further classification looks the ability to bear seeds and whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits.

Q7. Explain Classification of plants (Plantae) :-

  Plants are divided into five groups. They are :- 

i)                    Thallophyta  ii) Bryophyta  iii) Pteridophyta  iv) Angiosperms v) Gymnosperms

i) Thallophyta :-

     In this group the plants do not have well differentiated body parts. The plants are called algae. They are mostly aquatic. Eg :- Spirogyra,

Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara etc.

ii)                  Bryophyta :-

      In this group the plant body is differentiated into stem and leaf like structures but there are no specialised structures for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to the other. These plants are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.

Eg :- Moss (Funaria), Marchantia, Riccia etc.  

iii)                Pteridophyta :-

     In this group the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has vascular tissue for conducting water and other substances from one part of the plant body to the other. Eg :- Ferns, Marsilea etc.

iv)                Gymnosperms (Cryptogams) :-

    The plants of this group bear naked seeds (gymno – means naked and sperma means seed). They are usually perinneal, evergreen and woody.

Eg :- Pines (Pinus), Cycas etc.

v)                  Angiosperms (Phanerogams) :-

    The plants of this group bears covered seeds (angio – means covered and sperma – means seed).

•        the seeds develop inside an organ which is modified to become a fruit. These are also called flowering plants.

•       The plant embryo in the seed have cotyledons.

•       Cotyledons are called seed leaves because in many instances they emerge and become green when he seed germinates.

•       Thus cotyledons represent a bit of pre designed plant in the seed.

•       Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons. Plants with seeds having single cotyledon are called monocots. Eg :- rice, wheat, maize etc. green gram, peas, tamarind etc. Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicots. Eg :- green gram, peas, tamarind etc

•       Note draw the chart to classify plants from the text book.

Q8. Write characters of all the phylum of Kingdom Animalia

• multi-cellular organisms which ingest their food – HETEROTROPHS
• they are eukaryotic and multicellular.
• They do not have cellwall

1.       Porifera

• Porifera means animal with holes
• They look like plants but they are animals.
• They stay fixed in one place.(non motile)
• Their bodies are full of holes and their  skeleton is made of spiky fibers.
• Water flows through the holes of their body which enables them to catch food
• Commonly called sponge and are marine in habitat.

 Eg :-Spongila, Sycon, Euplectelia ,Sponges etc.

2.       Coelenterata

•       Aquatic animals .

•       There is a cavity in the body.

•       The body is made up of two layers of cell

•       One makes the outer body and the other makes the inner lining of the body.

•       Some of them lives in colonies( coral)  some like independent life span (hydra)

EG. Corals, Hydras, and Jellyfish

3.       Platyhelminthes

•       There body is more complex then previous two.

•       Their body is bilaterally symmetrical.

•       There are three layers of cells so called triploblastic.

•       There is some degree of tissue formation

•       There body is flatterned dorsoventrally so called flatworms. Eg Planaria. Liverfluke etc.

Eg: Flatworms, liverfluke, planaria, tapeworm

4.       Nematoda

• Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
• Body is cylindrical
•  They Have long thin round worm like bodies
• There are tissues, but no real organs
• Psuedocoelom is present
• Have bodies with no segments
• Worm causing elephantiasis( filarial worms ) and round worms in intestine
• Eg Ascaris, Wuchereia
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5.       Annelida :-

  Their body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.

  They have true body cavity.

  Their body is segmented,  from head to tail

  There is differentiation of organs.

  They are found in water and on land.

  Eg :- Earthworm, Nereis, Leech etc.

6.       Arthropods

• Largest group of animals. Bilaterally symmetrical and Have lots of legs and segmented bodies.
• Open circulatory system so blood do not flow in vessels

Coelom cavity is filled with blood

Eg: centipedes, millipedes,crab,scorpio,insects,spider, etc

7.       Mollusca

Bilaterly symmetrical, coelomic cavity reduced
There is little segmentation.
Open circulatory system and kidney like organ found
Foot that help in locomotion
eg. Chiton,snail, octopus,pila, unio

8.       Echinoderms

• Echinos –hedgehog and derma- skin
• Have spiny outer covering
• Triploblastic and have coelomic

cavity, free living marine.

• Peculiar water driven tube system
• Skeleton made up of hard calcium carbonate.
•  eg. Antedon (feather star) , sea urchin
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9.       Protochordata :-

They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.

 The have coelomic cavity.

 The have a notochord which is a long rod-like structure

 along its back to which muscles are attached and help in

 movement. Notochord may not be present in all stages of life or entire length

 Eg :- Balanoglossus, Amphioxus, Herdemania etc.

10 . Vertebrata :- (Vertebrates)

•       They have vertebral column and internal skeleton.

•        They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.

•        They have coelomic cavity.

•        Their body is differentiated into tissues and organs.

•        Their body consists of four regions – head, neck, trunk

 and tail.

•        They have two pairs of fins or limbs.

•        The respiration in aquatic forms is by gills and in land

  forms respiration is by lungs

•         The sexes are separate.

•       All chordates have followng features

•       Have notochord

•       Have dorsal nerve cord

•       Are tiploblastic

•       Have paired gill pouches

•       Are coelomate

•       Vertebrates are grouped into five classes. They are :-

•         Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mamalia.    

i)                    Pisces :- (Fishes)

  They are fishes living in water. Their skin is covered with scales or plates They respire using gills. They have streamlined body and fins which help them to move in water. They are cold blooded and their heart has only two chambers. They lay eggs from which the young ones hatch out.

  Some fishes have skeleton made of cartilage like Sharks, Rays etc. and some have skeleton made of bones and cartilage like Tuna, Rohu etc.

ii)                  Amphibia :- (Amphibians)

    They are found in land and water. They do not have scales but have mucous glands on their skin. They are cold blooded and the heart is three chambered. Respiration is through gills or lungs. They lay eggs in water.

    Eg :- Frogs, Toads, Salamanders etc.

iii)                Reptilia :-(Reptiles)

    They have scales and breathe through lungs. They are cold blooded. Most of them have three chambered heart but crocodiles have four chambered heart. They lay eggs with hard covering in water.

   Eg :- Snakes, Turtles, Lizards, Crocodiles etc.

iv)                Aves :- (Birds)

    They are warm blooded animals. They have four chambered heart. They breathe through lungs. They have an outer covering of feathers. Their two fore limbs are modified into wings for flying. They lay eggs.

   Eg :- Crow, sparrow, Pigeon, Duck, Stork, Ostrich etc.

v)                  Mammalia :- (Mammals)

    They are warm blooded animals. They have four chambered heart. They have mammary glands for production of milk to nourish their young ones. The skin has hairs and sweat glands. Most of them give birth to their young ones. Some of them lay eggs (like Platypus and Echidna).

   Eg :- Cat, Rat, Dog, Lion, Tiger, Whale, Bat, Humans etc.

Note : draw the flow chart from text book