STARS OF PIS AHMEDABAD STD

Friday, July 23, 2021

People as resources

People As Resources - notes

Q1.Explain the ways of investment of Human Resources that can give high returns in future.
Answer:
Three ways of investment in development of Human Resource are:

· Through Education.

· Through Medical Care.

· New technology.

· Providing training to use new technology. ,

· They can discover new methods of increasing production.

· Acquired knowledge is well-invested in new fields like IT.

Q2. What does a Virtuous cycle’ created by the educated parents mean? Explain. HOTS
Answer:

· A child, too, with investments made on her/ his education and health can yield a high return in future and contribute more to society.

· Educated parents invest more heavily on the education of their children.

· This is because, they realize the importance of education.

· They are also conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene.

· A virtuous cycle is, thus, created.

Q3. Explain three problems of educated unemployment in urban areas.
Answer:
Problems:

· Many youth with matriculation, graduation and post-graduation degrees are not able to find job.

· Unemployment of graduate and post-graduate has increased faster than among matriculates.

· A paradoxical manpower situation is witnessed as surplus of manpower in certain categories co-exist with shortage of manpower in others.

· There is unemployment among technically qualified persons bn one hand while there is a dearth of technical skills.

Q4. What is seasonal unemployment? What are the factors responsible for seasonal unemployment?
Answer:
It is a type of unemployment in which a worker is employed during some months of the year (especially, during harvesting or the sowing season), anti remains without work during the rest of the year.
Factors:

· Lack of small-scale and cottage industries in rural areas.

· Lack of multiple cropping. .

· Lack of commercialisation of agriculture.

Q5. Explain any three consequences of unemployment.
Answer:

· Poverty: The basic cause of poverty is unemployment. People do not have enough money to support their family. Inability of educated people, who are willing to work to find gainful employment implies a great social waste.

· Increase in Dependent Population: Unemployment tends to increase the economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases.

· Poor Quality of Life: The quality of life of an individual as well as of the society is adversely affected. When a family has to live on a bare subsistence level, there is a general decline in its health status and rising withdrawal from the school system.

Q6. What do you understand by Human Capital Formation? Highlight two initiatives each of Indian government to enhance health and education facilities.
Answer:
When the existing human resource is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, human capital formation takes place. It adds to the productive power of the country. Just like the physical capital formation.
Following are the two schemes introduced by the government to enhance health facilities in India:

· Integrated child development services.

· Central government health schemes.

Following are the two schemes introduced by the government to enhance education facilities in India:

· Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

· Mid-day meal scheme.

Q7. Explain the initiative taken by the government to improve elementary education in India.

Answer:

(i) Government has launched various schemes for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education, with a special emphasis on girls.

(ii) There is also an establishment of pace setting of schools like the Novodaya Vidyalaya in each district.

(iii) Vocational streams have been developed to equip large number of high school students with occupations related to knowledge and skills.

(iv) Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group of six to fourteen years by 2010. It is a time-bound initiative of the central government, in partnership with the states, the local government and the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.

(v) The Right to Education act has been passed by the Indian Parliament to provide free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years.

Q8. “Health should be treated as an important asset for human capital”. Analyse the statements with reference to our national health policy.
Answer:

· Improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country.

· The National Health Policy 2002 aims at achieving an acceptable standard of health for the general population of the country.

· To achieve the objective, a comprehensive approach was advocated, which included improvements in individual health care, public health, sanitation, clean drinking water, access to food and knowledge of hygiene and feeding practices.

· The country has a well structured 3-tier public health infrastructure comprising Community Health Centres, Primary Health Centres and Sub-Centres spread across rural and semi-urban areas and tertiary medical care providing multi-speciality hospitals and medical colleges located almost exclusively in the urban areas.

· Over the last five decades India has built up a vast health infrastructure and has developed manpower required at primary, secondary and tertiary sector in Government as well as in the private sector.

Q9. What are the disadvantages of unemployment? Explain.

Answer:

· Wastage of Resource: Human capital is one of the most important resources. Unemployment leads to wastage of manpower resource. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability.
There is a feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth.

· Increase in Dependent Population: Unemployment tends to increase the economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases.

· Class Struggle: Unemployment divides the society into haves and have-nots. Accordingly, there is class conflict that compounds the problem of social turmoil.

Sunday, June 27, 2021

What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

Answer the following:

Q1. Write 3 arguments in favour of Dmocracy.

· Democratic government is the more accountable form of government. A democracy requires that the rulers have to attend to the needs of the people.

· Democracy is based on consultation and discussion which improves the quality of decision making.

· Democracy is based on the principle of political equality and enhances the dignity of citizens.

· It allows to correct our own mistakes. In democracy there is always a scope that the rulers can change their wrong decision or the rulers themselves can be changed.

Q2. Is China a democratic country or not? Give your arguments in the favour of your answer.

· China is not a democratic country in true spirit.

· For the consisting the election to the Chinese parliament the candidates need the approval of Chinese communist party. Only the members of communist party and its 8 allies are allowed to contest the election.

· Ther is only one party rule that is communist party in China, which is not a indication of true democratic country. Henceforth, China cannot be considered as a democratic country.

Q3. Giving an example of Zimbabwe, show how laws were made by one single ruler.

· Zimbabwe got independence in 1980, it is being ruled by ZANU-PF which led the freedom struggle. Its leader, Robert Mugabe has been ruling the country since independence by unfair practices in elections.

· His government has made changes in the constitution several times to increase the power of the President and make him less accountable.

· The oppposition party workers were harassed and their meeting were disrupted.

· Public protests demonstrations are declared illegal. Laws wre made to limit the right to criticise the President.

· The media had been forced to write and speak in favour of the ruling party.

· The government has ignored some court judgements that went against it and has pressurized judges.

Q4. Examine 3 common factors for democratic countries.

· Citizens are given freedom of speech, expression and thought.

· Free and fair elections are held on regular basis.

· The dignity of the individual is recognised.

Q5. Why is democracy considerd the best form of government?

Democracy cannot give us everything but is clearly better than any other form of government.

· it works for the welfare of the people and perfoms better regarding the removal of poverty and backwardness in the country.

· It offers better condition of living and implemets policies to ensure equal opportunities for all the citizens in education and employment.

· It respects people’s wishes and allows different kinds os people to live together. Even if it fails on some of its promises, it allows a way of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to all the citizen.

· That is why democracy is considered the best form of government.

Q6. Is Mexico a democratic country or not, give argument for the answer.

· Since independence in 1930, Mexico hold elections every six years to elect their President. PRI ( Institutional Revolutionary Party) won all the elections till 2006.

· All those who were employed in government offices had to attend party meetings.

· The teachers of government schools used to force parents to vote fot the PRI.

· Media largely ignores the activities of opposition political parties except to criticise them.

· Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win. The PRI was known to use many dirty tricks to win elections.

· The PRI spent large sums of money in the campaign for its candidated and booths were shifted from one place to another in the last minute, which made it difficult for the people to cast their votes.

Q7. Explain the difficulties faced by people in the non democratic countries.

The difficulties faced by the people in non democratic countries are:

· People cannot choose or change the ruler. They cannot question the authority or the dictator.

· People do not enjoy their rights. Supporter of democracy are torchered or killed. For eg: in Chile more than 3000 people were killed by military.

· In non democratic government, public protest are considered as illegal. Sometimes political activist are imprisoned for indefinite time. For eg: Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar spent long time under house arrest.

· In non democratic government people cannot enjoy political equality. Universal adult franchise is sometimes denied.

· In a non democratic government people may have elected their representatives but they are not actual rulers. The power of taking final decision rest with army official. For eg: Pakistan- the realpower is enjoyd by the army.

Q8. Write any 3 instances of equal right to vote in the worl of politics.

Why are China, Saudi Arabia amd Estonia not truly democratic country? State one reason for each of them.

Why are China, Estonia and Saudi Arabia non democratic countries though they have declared themselves as democratic? State one reason for each.

One major demand of democracy is Universal adult franchise that is every adult citizen have right to vote. But in the world of politics there are many instances of denial of equal right to vote.

· In Saudi Arabia, women did not have right to vote untill 2011. On 25^th September 2011, king Abdullah declared that women will have right stand and vote in future.

· Estonia made its citizenship rule in such a manner that people belonging to Russian minority finds it difficult to get right to vote.

· In China before contesting the election the candidates need to get aproval from Chinese communist party.

· Although the countries declared themselves as democratic the fundamental principle of political equality is denied in all the cores. Thus they cannot be called as deocratic countries.

Q9. Explain representative democracy. Why is the representative democracy is the most common form of government in modern times? Explain any 4 reasons.

What is representative democracy? State its significance in contemporary world.

Representative democracy is the type of democracy founded on the principle of elected representatives. Represanting a group of people as the opposed to direct democracy. It si most common form of government because:

· It allows to elect representative to have knowledge about specific subject of interest and can take decisions accordingly.

· Representative and political parties are able to misjudge between differen pressure, groups and sections of society.

· As the needs and demands od minorities and depressed classes are considered in a representative democracy, their helplessness is removed.

· Representative dempcracy can make bettersense of needs and demand of people and convert them to practical action plan.

Q10. In a democracy, no one is a permanent winner or loser. Why do we say that? Give three reasons.

· In any country we find people of different ethnic groups, differrnt communities living together. In that kind of social diversity government take different ways of power sharing.

· There canbe difference of opinion or history proves divisions of the countries are all due to these variations in a society.

· But these different groups can be able to live amiably if a government is able to accommodate all. Then government cannot be permanent winner or loser.